PETITIONER:
THE DIRECTOR OF INDUSTRIES & COMMERCE. GOVERNMENT OF A. P.,
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
V. VENKATA REDDY & ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT03/10/1972
BENCH:
SIKRI, S.M. (CJ)
RAY, A.N.
DUA, I.D.
PALEKAR, D.G.
BEG, M. HAMEEDULLAH
CITATION:
1973 AIR 827 1973 SCR (2) 562
1973 SCC (1) 99
ACT
Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations promulgated by Nizam’s Firman dated 25th Ramzan 1337H--Mulki Rules--Validity of-- Rule 1(b) and r. 3 whether ’laws in force’ at commencement of Constitution--Whether continued in force by Art. 35(b) of the Constitution--Whether continue in force under Reorganisation of States Act 1956--Whether Repealed by s. 2 of Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957.
HEADNOTE
The Mulki Rules promulgated by the Nizam of Hyderabad before The merger of that State with India laid down certain Qualifications as to residence in the State for the, purpose of appointment to the State services. After the States Reorganisation Act 1956 the Telangana area of Hyderabad State and the State of Andhra were: combined to form the new State of Andhra Pradesh. The respondents who were officers in :he Department of Industries in Andhra Pradesh and were adversely affected by the Mulki Rules filed writ petitions in the High Court challenging the validity of the said Rules. The High Court, held these to be invalid. In appeal to this Court by certificate the Questions which arise for decision were : (1) Were r. 1 (b) read with r. 3 of the Mulki Rules and Art. 39 of the Constitution, laws in force immediately before the commencement of the Constitution in the territory of India ? (ii) Were they continued it force by Art. 35(b) of the Constitution ? (iii) Did they continue in force after the Constitution of the State of Andhra Pradesh under the Reorganisation of States Act, 1956 ? (iv) Did they continue or they stand repealed by s. 2 of the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957, notwithstanding that s. 3 of the said Act was declared void in so far as it dealt with Telengana ? Allowing the appeal, HELD : i) The words "laws in force in the territory of India" in Art. 35(b) also occur in Art. 372 which continue in force existing laws which existed not only in the Provinces of British India but in all Indian States. It would be remarkable if it were otherwise. In the context of Art. 372 What has to be seen is not whether the State of Hyderabad was part of the territory of India before the commencement of the Constitution but whether its territory is included in India after its commencement. The same test applies to the old Provinces or part of Provinces of British India. [569H] Janardan Reddy v. The State, [1950] S.C.R. 940, distinguished. (ii) This Court interpreted Art. 16(3) in Narasimha Rao’s case to mean that it speaks of a whole State as the venue for residential qualification., It cannot be said that the impugned Mulki Rules Could not be provided for by Parliament under Art. 16(3). They are with respect to the matter referred to in Art 16(3). Article 16(3) confers legislative power on Parliament with respect to matter mentioned therein. It 563 confers no less power than Arts. 245-246 do, read with List I and List III. The impugned rules prescribed requirements as to residence ,he whole of Hyderabad State and therefore are saved and continued in force by Art. 35(b). Merely because certain-other Mulki Rules became void on the commencement of the Constitution the impugned rules could not be said to have also become void because Art. 35(b) expressly saves laws like the impugned rules. Effect Must be given to the intention clearly expressed in Art. 35(b). [570E] Narasimha Rao v. The State of Andhra Pradesh, [1970] 1 S.C R. 115, applied. (iii) The impugned rules continued in force even after the constitution of the State of Andhra Pradesh under the Re-organisation of the States Act, 1956. On the terms of Art 35(b) the only proper question to be asked is ’Has Parliament in exercise of its powers under Art. 35(b), read which Art. 16(3), altered or repealed or amended the impugned rules ?" That this is the proper question follows from the words "notwithstanding anything in the Constitution". This expression equally applies to Art. 35(a) and Art. 35(b). In Art. 35(b) the effect of these words is not only to continue the impugned rules but to continue them until Parliament repeals, amends or alters them. It seems to us that the effect of reorganisation of States made under Arts. 3 and 4 of making Telengana a part of a new State has to be ignored under Art. 35(b); otherwise a fundamental right conferred on persons under Art. 35(b)-it must be remembered that Art., 35(b) is a part of the Chapter on Fundamental Rights-would be liable to be taken away by the reorganisation of States. It cannot be denied that the purpose of reorganisation of States is not to take away fundamental rights. [571C] (iv) Section 2 of the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957 Act is not severable from s. 3 which was struck by the Court in Narasimha Rao’s case. It is clear that Parliament would not have enacted s. 2 without s. 3 as far as Telengana is concerned. The whole history of the legislation its object tide and the Preamble to it point to that conclusion. Further. the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act 1956, substituting Art. 1 for the old also shows that it was intended to give special consideration to the Telengana region. [573G-H] Principles laid down in R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala v. Union of India. [1957] S.C.R. 930. held applicable. The contention that s. 2 insofar as it dealt with Telengana region cannot be given an independent existence was not acceptable. It is only a matter of drafting and if the Telengana. region had been dealt with separately in a separate act it could without hesitation be held that s. 2 would fall with s. 3. The fact that s. 2 deals with laws and rules in various States would not prevent the separation of the valid portion from the invalid portion. This Court specifically held in Narasimha Rao’s case’ that s. 3 was bad insofar as it dealt with the Telengana region. Section 2 must also be held to be bad insofar as it dealt with Telengana area. [574B-D]. (v) whether the Mulki Rules were unjust to the respondents was a matter for Parliament to decide. This Court was only concerned with their validity. [574E] 564
JUDGMENT
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 993 of 1972. Appeal by certificate from the judgment and order dated February 18, 1972 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court at Hyderabad in Writ Appeal No. 633 of 1970. M. C. Chagla, K. V. Narasinga Rao and P. Parameshwara Rao, for appellant No. 1. C. K. Daphtary, K. V. Narasinga Rao and P. Parameshwara Rao, for appellant No. 2. P. A. Choudhry and K. Rajendra Choudhry, for respondents Nos. 1 and 5-7. H. S. Gururaja Rao and S. Markandey, for interveners. The Judgment of the Court was delivered-by SIKRI, C.J.-This appeal by certificate granted by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh is directed against the judgment of the High Court, dated February 18, 1972, passed in Writ Appeal No. 633 of 1970, which arose out of the order of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh, dated July 9, 1969, in Writ Petition No. 2524 of 1967. Before the Division Bench of the High Court the Full Bench judgment of the High Court dated December 9, 1970 (P. L. Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh(1) was cited, but as this Full Bench decision was challenged before it and it thought that a reference of the matter to a Full Bench of five judges is advisable it directed that the papers be laid before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of the High Court for constitution of a larger Bench. The Chief Justice of the High Court accordingly constituted the Full Bench of five Judges. This Full Bench, by majority, held that ’the mulki rules are not valid and operative after the formation of the State of Andhra Pradesh. In any event, they do not revive and cannot be deemed to be valid and operative in view of the decision of the Supreme Court in A.V.S Narasimha Rao’s case (2) . The Full Bench decision in P. Lakshmana Rao’s case(3) is thus overruled. W.A. No. 633 of 1970 along with W.A.M.P. Nos. 493 and 494 of 1971 will be posted before the Division Bench for further orders." Receiving this opinion, the Division Bench delivered the following judgment:
"We have already indicated in the order of
reference that it a reference to Full Bench is
made, and if the decision of the Full Bench is
to the effect that the Mulki
(1) A.I.R. 1971 A.P. 118.
(2) [1970] 1 S.C.R. 115
565
Rules are not operative, then appeal has to be
allowed. Having regard to the direction
previously given by us in the order of
reference, and in the light of the decision of
the Full Bench, the Writ Appeal has to be
allowed. We accordingly allow the Writ Appeal
with costs." In this appeal we are thus concerned with the validity of the so-called Mulki Rules. Before dealing with the questions of law which have been debated before us it is necessary to give a few relevant facts. Writ Petition No. 2524 of 1967 out of which the present appeal arises was filed by 12 Extension Officers in the Department of Industries, Government of Andhra Pradesh. They were appointed as Extension Officers in May, 1961, and after they underwent training, were posted in various districts. The strength of the cadre of Extension Officers was reduced and that led to the retrenchment of some of the personnel including the petitioners, who were absorbed in another cadre, viz., Senior Inspectors. This absorption resulted in diminution in their scale of pay. Their grievance was that persons appointed later and juniors to them in service were retained as Extension. Officers, whereas they, by an order dated September 28, 1967, were retrenched and that, instead of following the rule ’last come, first go’, the juniors in rank were sought to be retained as Extension Officers by reason of their residence in Telengana area and that such a preferential treatment on the basis of residential qualification is discriminatory and violative of Art. 16 of the Constitution. It was admitted in the counter affidavit of the Government that "except the Telengana employees who were posted only in Telengana region, and to which Andhra Personnel cannot be posted", no juniors of the petitioners were allowed to continue in their posts in preference to the rights of the petitioners. The Mulki Rules formed part of the Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations promulgated in obedience to His Exalted Highness the Nizam’s Firman dated 25th Ramzan 1337H. The State of Hyderabad was then a native Indian State which had not acceded to the Dominion of India after the Indian Independence Act, 1947. Chapter III of the Regulations contained article 39 which reads as follows :
"39. No person will be appointed in any
Superior or Inferior service without the
specific sanction of His Exalted Highness, if
he is not a Mulki in terms of the rules laid
down in Appendix ’N’. Any person whose
domicile is cancelled under para 9 of the
Mulki rules, will be considered to have been
dismissed from his post from the date of such
cancellation."
566
The. following rules in Appendix ’N’ may be
set out
1. A person shall be called a Mulki if--
(a) by birth he is a subject of the Hyderabad
State, or
(b) by residence in the Hyderabad State he
has been entitled to be Mulki, or
(c) his father having completed 15 years of
service was in the Government service at the
time of his birth, or
(d) she is a wife of a person who is a
Mulki.
3. A person shall be called a Mulki who has a per manent residence in the Hyderabad State
for at least 15 years and had abandoned the
idea of returning to the place of his previous
residence and has obtained an affidavit to
that effect on a prescribed form attested by a
Magistrate.
Rule 7 prescribes he contents of the
application to be made for grant of a Mulki
certificate and required the applicant, among
other things, to say:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Where was he residing prior to his
residing in the Hyderabad State.
(e) Place of birth and nationality of his
father and grandfather.
(f)
(g)
(h) From what period the-applicant is
permanently residing in (the Hyderabad State
and whether he has abandoned the idea of
returning to his native land,
(i)
(j) Has the applicant’s father or he himself
created such connections within the Hyderabad
State which lead to believe that they have
made Hyderabad State their native land."
Rule 9 reads as follows :
"Government in the Police Department may
cancel any Mulki certificate if the Government
finds that any of the entries made in the
application for the Mulki
567
certificate under Rule 7 is not correct or
that it was obtained by false personation or
false statements and it may cancel
certificates of persons mentioned in clauses
(b), (c) and (d) of Rule 1 if the holder of
the Mulki certificate is disloyal to H.E.H. or
the Hyderabad Government in his conduct or
behaviour or is directly or indirectly
connected with such political activities which
are detrimental or contrary to the interest of
the Hyderabad Government."
The Constitution of India came into force on
January 26, 1950, except the parts which had
been enforced earlier. The relevant articles
for our purposes are Arts. 13, 14, 16 and 35.
The conditions as ;they prevailed in the
Hyderabad State been summarised by Madhava
Reddy, J., in his judgment in Pull Bench, and
we may usefully reproduce this summary Here
"Hyderabad State was one among the several
other Princely States of India. Due to
Political conditions and Historical reasons
the State remained isolated. There were no
adequate Educational facilities afforded to
the People of the State, in the result, there
were very few opportunities available to the
people of the Region to enter public service
in competition with others from outside the
State. Another contributing factor in this
behalf was the use of Urdu, which was not the
language of nearly ninety per cent of the
people, as the Official Language in the entire
administration of Hyderabad state. Similar
conditions prevailed in a few other states as
well. So much so, that these people were not
in a position to compete with others in the
matter of employment even in their own state,
if no protection was afforded to them in this
behalf on the basis of residence within that
State."
In view of these conditions, Madhaya Reddy,
J., further stated that "the Constituent
Assembly while guaranteeing fundamental rights
in the matter of employment under the State,
took of this vast disparity in the development
of various States and felt it imperative to
continue that protection in the matter of
employment afforded on the basis of residence
within ;the State and made provision under
Article 33(b) of the Constitution for the
continuance of those laws."
A few more historical facts may also be
noticed here. The States Re-organisation
Commission set up by the Central Government
recommended the disintegration of the
Hyderabad State and suggested the continuance
of the Telengana region of the 568 Hyderabad State as a separate State. However, an agreement was reached by the elders of the Andhra & Telengana Regions, among whom were the Chief Miniser and the Dy. Chief Minister of the State of Andhra and the Chief Minister, Revenue Minister and the some other Ministers of the Hyderabad State amongst whom one later became the first Chief Minister and most others members of the first Council of Ministers of the State of Andhra Pradesh with a view to allay the fears of the people of this underdeveloped Region and to reserve to them the benefit of securing employment in the Region on the strength of their residence. For safeguarding their legitimate interests in certain matters the formation of a Regional Standing Committee of the State Assembly consisting of the members of the State Assembly of this Region was also agreed upon. We may mention that in this agreement in clause B Domicile Rules were dealt with as follows :
"B. A temporary provision will be made to
ensure that for a period of five years,
Telengana is regarded as a unit as far as
recruitment to subordinate services in the
area is concerned; posts borne on the cadre of
these services may be reserved for being
filled by persons who satisfy the domicile
conditions as prescribed under the existing
Hyderabad Rules".
Parliament, in effect, gave statutory
recognition to this agreeby making, the
necessary constitutional amendment in Art. 371
providing for the constitution of the
Telengana Regional Committee. The
Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956,
inter alia, substituted a new article 371 for
the old, the relevant part of which reads
as follows :
"371. Special provision with respect to the
States of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and
Bombay.--(1) Notwithstandin anything in this
Constitution, the President may, by order made
with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh
provide for the constitution and functions of
regional committees of the Legislative
Assembly of the State, for the modifications
to be made in the. rules of business of the
Government and in the rules of procedure of
the Legislative Assembly of the State and for
any special responsibility. of the Governor in
order to secure the proper functioning of the
regional committees"
The State of Andhra Pradesh was reconstituted
on November 3, 1956.
We may now refer to the attempts made to
safeguard and apply the Mulki Rules. Appendix
’N’ of the Hyderabad Civil
569
Service Regulation was amended and an
explanation was inserted, which reads :
"Explanation : The above Mulki Rules shall be
read in conjunction with the clarifications
contained in the following circular letters
and Notification issued by the Government of
Hyderabad in the General Administration
Department (reproduced)."
One of the circular letters dated June 14,
1950 briefly stated
"...... Government is now advised that the
Mulki Rules are save to the extent of their
inconsistency with the Constitution of India
saved by clause (b). of art. 35. It is,
therefore, necessary to put out of operation
the requirements laid down by the Mulki Rules
to the extent that they prescribe
qualifications regarding Birth and Descent. "
Another circular letter dated September 18,
1951, stated that the Government had decided
that "the period of Fifteen Years’ Residence
prescribed in the existing Mulki Rules, should
be ’continuous’ with the proviso that periods
spent outside the State for educational or
medical purposes will not count as a ’break’
in this. period of 15 years, where permanent
residence has been and continues to be in
Hyderabad State."
The following questions emerge from the
submissions of ’the learned counsel before us
:
1. Were r. 1 (b), read with r. 3, of the
Mulki Rules hereinafter referred to as the
impugned Mulki Rules and art. 39 laws in
force immediately before the commencement of
the Constitution in the territory of India ?
2. Were they continued in force by art. 35
(b) of the Constitution ?
3. Did they continue in force after the
constitution of the State of Andhra Pradesh
under the Re-organisation of States Act, 1956
?
4. Did they stand repealed by s. 2 of the
Public Employment (Requirement as to
Residence) Act, 1957 (Act 44 of 1957)
notwithstanding that s. 3 of the said Act wag
declared void in so far as it dealt with
Telengana ? We will deal with these questions one by one. The first question is easy to answer. On this question the Judges of the Full Bench are agreed that the answer must be in the affirmative. The words "laws in force in the territory of India" in art. 35(b) 570 also occur in art. 372, which continue in force existing laws which existed not only in the Provinces of British India but in all Indian States. It would be remarkable if it% were otherwise. In the context of art. "3 5 (b) and art.. 372 what has to be, seen is not whether the State of Hyderabad was part of the territory of India before the commencement of Constitution but whether its territory is included in India its commencement. The same test applies to the old Provinces or part of provinces of British India This Court’s decision in Janardan Reddy v. The State on the construction of art. 136 of the Constitution proceeded on the basis that to art. 136 "the normal mode of interpreting a legislation as prospertive" should: be applied. We are not concerned with any such consideration while interpreting art. 35(b) of the Constitution. The second question also does not give much difficulty. Article 35(b), in terms, saves any law in force immediately if it before the commencement of the Constitution , if it is a law "with respect to" a matter referred to in art. 35 (a) (i) The matter referred to for our purposes is a matter under cl. of art, 16 which may be provided for by law made by Parliament. ’What is then the matter that can be provided for under art. 16 (3)" The matter is "any requirement as to residence within a State in regard to class or classes of employment or appointment to an office under the Government or any local or other authority". This Court interpreted art. 16(3) in Narasimha Rao v. The State of Andhra Pradesh(2) to mean that it speaks of a whole State as the venue for residential qualifications. It cannot be said .that the impugned Mulki Rules could not be provided for by Parliament under art. 16(3). They are with respect to the matter referred to in art.16(3). Article 16(3) confers legislative power on Parliament with respect to a matter mentioned therein. It confers no less power than arts. 245-246 do, read with List I and List II. The impugned rules prescribed requirements as to residence within the whole of Hyderabad State and therefore are saved and continued in force by art. 35(b). It was, however, urged that the impugned rules formed Part of a number of other rules which, become void on the commencement of ,the Constitution, all the Mulki rules constituted one integrated, scheme regulating appointments to services and post,,; under the old Hyderabad State and; if the other rules are void the impugned rules would also fall. But ’this principle of interpretation cannot be applied to art. 35(b), for it expressly saves laws like the impugned Mulki Rules. If we were, to apply the suggested principle of interpretation we would be rendering art, 35(b) nugatory for ordinarily rules like the impugned rule would (1) [1950] S.C.R. 940. (2) [1970] 1 S.C.R. 115. 571 form part of Civil Service Regulations or laws dealing with appointments especially in the old Indian States. We must give effect to the intention clearly expressed in art. 35(b). The judges of the Full Bench also came to the same conclusion and in agreement with them we hold that the impugned rules were continued in force by art. 35(b) of the Constitution. The third question is not so easy to answer as divergent views have been expressed by Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. It seems to us that here too we must give effect to the intention of the founders of the Constitution as evinced in art. 35(b). On the terms of art. 35(b) the only proper question to be asked is : "Has Parliament ’in exercise of its power under art. 35(b), read with art. 16(3), altered or repealed or amended the impugned rules ?". That this is the proper question follows from the words "notwithstanding anything in the Constitution". This expression equally applies to art. 35(a) and art. 35(b). In art. 35(b) the effect of these words is not only to continue ’he impugned rules but to continue them until Parliament repeals, amends or alters them. It seems to us that the effect of re-Organisation of States made under arts. 3 and 4 of making Telengana a part of a new State has to be ignored under art. 35(b) it must be remembered that art. 35(b) is a part of the Chapter on Fundamental Rights-would be liable to be taken away by the re-organisation of States. It cannot be denied that the purpose of reorganisation of States is not to take away fundamental rights.’ Accordingly we are of the view that the impugned rules continued in force even after the constitution of the State of Andhra Pradesh under the Re-organisation of States Act, 1956. The fourth question again is not free from difficulty. In this connection it is necessary to give a few more facts and the provisions of the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) December 7, 1957. The Preamble reads :
"An act to make in pursuance of clause (3)
of Article 16 of the Constitution special
provisions for requirement as to residence in
regard to certain clauses of public employment
in certain areas and to repeal existing laws
prescribing any such requirement." The object it is clear from his recital, is two-fold; one, to make ,Provisions in pursuance of art. 16(3) and, two, to repeal the existing laws relevant thereto. The Act did not come into force immediately because it provided in S. 1 (2) that it shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may by notification 572 in the official gazette appoint. Section 2 contained the repeal clause and it is in the following terms :
"2. Upon the commencement of this Act, any law
then in force in any State or Union territory
by virtue of clause (b) of Article 35 of the
Constitution prescribing in regard to a class
or classes of employment or appointment to an
office under the Government of, or any local
or other authority within, that State or Union
territory, any requirement as to residence
therein prior to such employment or
appointment shall cease to have effect and is
hereby repealed."
There is no doubt that the impugned Mulki
Rules fall within s. 2 and if there was
nothing more they would stand repealed. But
the second purpose of Parliament was achieved
by enacting S. 3 which provided.
"3. (1) The Central Government may by
notification in the Official Gazette, make
rules prescribing, in regard to appointments
to-
(a) any subordinate service or post under
the State Government of Andhra Pradesh, or
(b) any subordinate ate services or post
under the control of the Administrator of
Himachal Pradesh, Manipur or Tripura, or
(c) any service or post under a local or
other authority (other than a cantonment
board) within the Telengana area of Andhra
Pradesh or with in the Union territory of
Himachal Pradesh, Manipur or Tripura,
any requirement as to residence within the
Telengana area, or the said Union territory,
as the case may be, prior to such
appointment."
Section 4 provided for Parliamentary scrutiny
of rules and s. 5 dealt with duration of
rules. Section 5, as originally enacted,
provided:
"Section 3 and all rules made thereunder shall
cease to have effect on the expiration of five
years from the commencement of this Act, but
such cesser shall not effect the validity of
any appointment previously made in pursuance
of the said rules. The words "five years" had subsequently been substituted by the words "fifteen years." In pursuance of this Act certain rules, called the Andhra Pradesh Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) 573 Rules, 1959 were made. The Act and the Rules were challenged before this Court in Narasimha Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh(1). This Court held that S. 3 of the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act, 1957, insofar as it related to Telengana--we say nothing about the other parts-and r. 3 of the Rules made under this Act were ultra vires the Constitution. No opinion was expressed in this judgment on the point whether the Mulki Rules existing in the former Hyderabad State should continue to operate by virtue of art. 35 (b). It is urged before us that if S. 3 is void, so is S. 2 because s. 2 and s. 3 of the said Act form, one scheme; in other words, it was not the intention of Parliament to simply repeal the existing laws in Telengana dealing with residential requirements for the purposes of appointment, the intention being to substitute other rules in place of the earlier rules. It is quite clear that Parliament had made up its mind that rules requiring residence as qualification for appointment to services or offices shall continue because the Public Employment Act enables the Central Government to make such rule S. Not only that, but S. 5 assumes that rules will be made and it is on this assumption that S. 5 originally proceeded to give a life of five years to them from the commencement of the Act. It is impossible to read S. 5 and S. 3 together without coming to the conclusion that it was the intention of Parliament that Central Government would make the necessary rules. The Central Government also understood the intention to be the same because it acted under sub-s.1 (2) and S. 3 simultaneously. In other words, the date of commencement of the Act was fixed as March 21, 1959, and the rules also came into force on the same date. A number of authorities of this Court and other authorities have been cited before us in order to enable us determine whether S. 2 is not severable from S. 3 of-the Public Employment Act. It is not necessary to refer to them here because the principles are well-known and have been reiterated in a number of cases of this Court, including R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala v. Union of India(-’) It seems to us that principles 1 and 3, mentioned in this judgment at page 950, apply to the facts, of this case. In, our view’ it is clear that Parliament would not have enacted S. 2 without s.3 as far as Telengana is concerned. The whole history of the legislation, its object, title and the Preamble to it, point to that conclusion. Further, the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, (1) [1970] 1 S.C.R. 115. (2) [1957] S.C.R. 930. 574 substituting new article 371 for the old also shows that it was intended to give special consideration to the Telengana region. We may mention that the earlier Full Bench came to the same conclusion in P. Lakshmana Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh It was urged ’before us that s. 2 insofar as it dealt with Telengana region cannot be given an independent existence. We are unable to accede to this. h is only a matter of drafting and if the Telengana region had been dealt with separately in a separate act we would have had no hesitation in holding that S. 2 would fall with s. 3. The fact that s. 2 deals with laws and rules in various states would not prevent us from separating the valid portion from the invalid portion. This Court specifically held that S. 3 was bad insofar as it dealt with the Telengana region. We hold that s. 2 is also bad insofar as it dealt with Telengana area. We may mention that we are not concerned with the interpretation of the Mulki Rules and their applicability after the adaptation on. No such question was answered by the Full Bench or was dealt with by the Division Bench. In the result the appeal is allowed, the judgments of the Full Bench and the Division Bench are set aside and writ petition No. 2524 of 1967 is dismissed. It was suggested by the respondents in the appeal that the impugned Mulki Rules are unjust to them. This was strongly denied by the appellants. This is a matter for Parliament and not for us. We are only concerned with their validity. In the circumstances the parties will bear their own costs throughout. G.C. Appeal allowed. L 498 Sup C.I.73 2500 -16-3-74-GIPF. 575