PETITIONER:
STATE OF BIHAR & ORS. ETC. ETC.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
BIHAR DISTILLERY LTD. ETC. ETC.
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 03/12/1996
BENCH:
B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, K.S. PARIPOORNAN
ACT
HEADNOTE
JUDGMENT
The BRD DAY OF DECEMBER, 1996 Present:
Hon’ble Mr. Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy
Hon’ble Mr. Justice K.S. Paripoornan
S.B. Sanyal, Sr. Adv. and B.B. Singh, Adv. with him for the appellants.
Y.V. Giri, Sr. Adv., Jyoti Saran, Praveen Kumar, Advs. with him for the Respondents.
JUDGMENT
The following Judgment of the Court was delivered:
JUDGMENT
B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, J.
Leave granted.
The distribution and sale of country liquor in the State of Bihar is regulated by the Bihar Excise Act, 1915 and the rules made thereunder. It was a two-tier system. The wholesale dealers (contractors) were lifting the liquor from the distilleries and supplying it to the retailers. Both the wholesale dealers and retailers were selected on the basis of auction/tender process. The price at which the wholesale supplied the country liquor from the warehouse to the retailer was fixed by the Government either statutorily or on the basis of negotiations between the wholesalers (contractors) and the Government. The price so determined was known as the cost price of country liquor which was payable by the retailer at the time of taking delivery from the concerned warehouse. The maintenance of warehouse was the responsibility of the wholesale supplier (Contractor).
In the year 1989, a batch of writ petitions, C.W.J.C. No. 4722 of 1989 and others, were filed in the Patna High Court. The High Court made interim orders in those writ petitions directing that till the contract is settled and until further orders from the Court, the supply of country liquor to the retailers shall be made directly by the State through its officers. In view of the said orders the Government was obliged to undertake the supply of country liquor from the warehouses maintained by it to the retailers. Even after the said batch of writ petitions were disposed of, the practice of the Government undertaking wholesale supply of country liquor to retailers continued for some time. This happened during the period commencing on July 1, 1989, and ending with March 31, 1992. (These facts are taken from the preamble to the impugned Amendment Act being Bihar Act 9 of 1995.)
On December 15, 1989, a meeting was held between the Excise Officers of the State and the representatives of the distilleries to determine the cost price of country spirit/liquor. The representatives of the distilleries pleaded that since the cost of price of rectified spirit has been increased by the Government of India under Ethyl Alcohol (Price Control) Order, the cost price of country liquor should also be increased. They also pleaded that in view of the levy of sales tax at the rate of 16% on the rectified spirit earmarked for country spirit/liquor, with effect from December 1, 1989, and the rise in price index over the years, the cost price of country liquor should be enhanced. The Government side at the said meeting agreed that in view of the enhancement of the price of ethyl alcohol and levy of sales tax on rectified spirit and other incidentals, the price of country-liquor deserves to be enhanced. The last para of the minutes of the meeting reads thus:
"As per discussion between
representatives of the Distillers
and Departmental representatives,
the Member, Board of Revenue
suggested certain components for
proper consideration and fixation
of cost price of spirit by
following ways:......"
On February 19, 1990 the Excise Commissioner, Bihar addressed a letter to all the distilleries fixing the cost price of country liquor. having regard to the crucial relevance of this letter it would be appropriate to extract the letter in full.
"Patna, dated 19th February, 1990
Sub: Meeting between Excise
Officers and representatives of
Distilleries on 15.12.1989 presided
by Member, Board of Revenue:
regarding refixation of cost price
of country spirit/liquor. Sir,
Your attention is drawn towards the
subject noted above, and to state
that the Government has taken a
decision to fix the cost price of
rectified spirit to be supplied as
country spirit/liquor from the
country spirit warehouses with
immediate effect @ Rs.3.42 (Rupees
three and paise forty-two only) for
L.P. Litre by following
components:-
(i) Cost of spirit Rs.1.72 per L.P.L.
(ii) Transport/Working
Wastage, etc. Rs.0.08 -do-
(iii) Sales Tax Rs.0.27 -do-
(iv) Transportation
Charges of spirit Rs.0.45 -do-
(v) Maintenance charge
of spirit/liquor warehouses
(expenses on coolies wages/
house-rent/electric charges/
expenses on communications/
Water taxes, etc.) Rs.0.70 -do-
(vi) Dividend Rs.0.20 -do-
Total: Rs.3.42 per L.P.L.
(Rupees three and paise forty-two only) 2. If you are ready to supply the rectified spirit/ to the country spirit/liquor Warehouses from your distilleries, then please give your written consent at once accordingly. Thereafter necessary orders will be issued, so that the payment be made after recovery from the retail vendors.
Yours faithfully,
Sd/-Illegible
(Mehesh Prasad)
Excise Commissioner, Bihar, Patna"<slc>
(The break-up of the cost price of Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. mentioned in the above letter is the very break-up which is said to have been mentioned at the end of the Minutes of the Meeting dated 15.12.1989.)
This letter shows that pursuant to the discussion and negotiations held at the meeting held on 15th December, 1989, the Government fixed the cost price of "rectified spirit to be supplied as country spirit/liquor from the country spirit warehouses" at Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. The break-up of the said price was also mentioned in the letter which includes, "maintenance charge of spirit/liquor are houses (expenses on coolies wages/house-rent/electric charges/expenses on communications/water taxes, etc.)" at Rs.0.70 paise per L.P.L.
On 20th February, 1990 the Commissioner of Excise, Bihar intimated all the Collectors/Deputy Commissioners of the State about the said fixation of the price. The letter reads:
"Patna - Dated 20th February, 1990
Sub: Fixation of the Cost Price of
Country Liquor supplied from
Warehouses Dear Sirs,
With regard to the subject stated
above I have been directed to
inform you that the matter
regarding fixation of the Cost
Price of Country liquor supplied
form Warehouses was under
consideration of the Government.
After thorough discussions, the
State Government decided that the
cost price of the Country Liquor
supplied from the Warehouses shall
be fixed at Rs.3.42 (Rupees Three
and paise forty two only) per L.P.
Litre. This cost price of Country
Liquor will be collected from the
retail vendors of Country liquor
from the date of issue of this
order.
As per Board Notification No.23-
17/89-5, dated 19.12.89 for the
amendment in Clause No. 15 of
Licence Form No. 27, a separate
order is being sent to the non-
contracted distilleries for payment
of the aforementioned Cost price
for their supply of Spirit to the
Warehouses for manufacture of
Country Liquor.
Yours faithfully,
Sd/-
Illegible
Commissioner of Excise, Bihar"<slc>
Evidently, supplies were being made by the distilleries as per the letter dated 19th February, 1990.
On 26th July, 1990, the Excise Commissioner, Bihar addressed a letter to all the Collectors/Deputy Commissioners in the State directing them to deduct 70 paise per L.P.L. from the cost price of Rs.342 paise per L.P.L. and remit it to the Government account. para 2 of the letter which alone is relevant reads thus:
"2. In this context, this is to
state that the earmarked component
for meeting the expenses of
maintenance of warehouses e.g.
wages to coolies (engaged n the
warehouses), house-rent etc. be
deposited under budget head - "8433
- Civil deposit - 800 - other
deposit - cost price of country
spirit/liquor, ganja, etc." after
recovering from distilleries or
deducting @ Rs.0.70 paise per
L.P.L. form the cost price
(Rs.3.42) so fixed for the
rectified spirit which is meant for
country spirit/liquor to be
supplied from the country spirit
warehouses. Payment for the
expenditure on day-to-day expenses,
e.g. wages to coolies, electricity
charges, expenses on
communications, water supply tax,
etc. has to be made twice in a
month from the deposited sum by
withdrawing the same as per need
and its account has to be kept as
per rule. Payment for the
maintenance of the warehouses, e.g.
house-rent, construction of the
building, erection of the Vats,
etc. shall be made by withdrawing
from the balanced amount after
obtaining sanction order from the
Excise Commissioner and its account
of such expenses shall be kept
separately."
Until the receipt of the Commissioner’s letter dated 26th July, 1990, the distilleries were being paid at the rate of Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. for the spirit supplied by them. On receipt of the said letter the Collectors/Deputy Commissioners not only started deducting 0.70 paise from the price payable to the distilleries but also called upon the distilleries to refund the excess amount paid to them on that account. The distilleries thereupon approached the Patna High Court by way of a batch of writ petitions challenging the communication/letter of the Commissioner of Excise, Bihar dated 26th July, 1990 and the communications issued pursuant to it. The distilleries submitted that though they demanded the cost price of Rs.4.00 per L.P.L., the State Government on its own fixed the price at Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. as per their letter dated 20th February, 1990. They submitted that the distilleries are entitled to receive at least the said cost price of Rs.3.42 paise, if not more. They submitted that they are not concerned with the maintenance of warehouses which is the responsibility of the Government and that no amount can be deducted from out of the said cost price on account of maintenance of warehouses. The Government opposed the writ petitions submitting that the aforesaid cost price was fixed in the joint meeting held on 15th December, 1989, that the writ petitioners were party to the said decision including the break-up of the said cost price and that, therefore, they are not justified in opposing the deduction of 0.70 paise on account of the maintenance charges of the warehouses. The High Court allowed the writ petitions on the following reasoning; under Section 90(2) of the Bihar Excise Act, the Board of Revenue is given the power to fix maximum and minimum price of country liquor but the Board has not chosen to excise that power; instead of doing that the Commissioner of Excise has chosen to issue Annexures 5,6 and 7 (Annexure 5 is the communication dated 26.7.1990 and Annexures 6 and 7 are the consequential directions/demands made by the Superintendents of Excise); the Commissioner "cannot be said to have exercised the jurisdiction, if any, vested in the Board of Revenue."* Annexures 5 to 7 are not backed by any authority of law and are therefore, unforceable. The High Court quashed the said orders/communications with the observation that "the Government or the respondents cannot force the petitioners for the refund of the amount already paid to the petitioner and as a logical conclusion, they are bound to carry out the obligations created earlier by the interim orders of the said Court."
For some unexplained reasons, the Government of Bihar and its Officials did not choose to appeal against the said judgment, with the result the judgment became final. Contempt petitions were taken out by the distilleries against the Government and its Officials for disobedience to the judgment of the High Curt. The Governor of Bihar then came forward with an Ordinance amending the Bihar Excise Act seeking to provide statutory basis to the aforesaid price fixation and the deduction of 70 paise per L.P.L. In other words, the Governor of Bihar sought to remove the defect pointed out by the High Court viz., that the price fixation by the Commissioner was without jurisdiction and that that power belonged to the Board of Revenue alone. By amending the Act itself, the Ordinance sought to validate the saio price fixation by treating it as fixation by the Legislative itself. It is stated that one after the other, ordinances were issued to the same effect, until the enactment of the Bihar Excise (Amendment and Validating) Act, 1995 being Act 9 of 1995 in the same terms. The Amending Act was given retrospective effect from 20th February, 1990. The long Preamble to the Amending Act sets out the circumstances in which the Government was obliged to undertake supply of country liquor from the warehouses pursuant to the interim orders of the High Court, the fixation of cost price of country liquor at Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. by agreement between the government and the distilleries, the break-up of the price into several components and the developments leading to the enactment of the Amending Act. Having regard to the contentions urged before us and the findings recorded by the High Court in the order under Appeal, it is necessary to set out the entire Preamble to the Act. It reads:
"Preamble.- WHEREAS, it is
necessary in public interest that
out of the cost price of Country
Spirit the amount of money
earmarked for the maintenance of
warehouse be regulated;
AND, WHEREAS, the price of country
spirit to be supplied to the
retailer by the Contractor
(Wholesale supplier) from the
Warehouse belonging to the
Contractor or the State or another
person, is fixed by the Government
of Bihar, on the basis of
negotiations between the Contractor
and the Government and such price
being known as the cost price of
country spirit payable by the
retailer at the time of taking or
issue of Country liquor from the
warehouse concerned;
AND, WHEREAS, as a regulatory
measure the maintenance of
warehouse is the responsibility of
the contractor;
AND, WHEREAS, in the year 1989 in
C.W.J.C. No.4722 of 1989 and other
similar cases a situation arose
whereby and whereunder the Patna
High Court ordered that till
contract is settled and till
further order from the Court, the
supply of country liquor shall be
made to the retailers directly by
the State through its Officers:
AND, WHEREAS, in pursuance to the
said direction the country liquor
had to be supplied from different
warehouses situated in the State,
by the State Government through its
Officers:
AND, WHEREAS, after the Final Order
of the High Court in the above
writs in the year 1990 the
situation emerged that in certain
areas of the State the supply of
country liquor to the retailers
continued to be made by the State
Government through its Officers due
to non-functioning of the concerned
Contractors;
AND, WHEREAS, during this period
the warehouses were required to be
maintained by the State;
AND, WHEREAS, in fixing the price
of country liquor to be supplied by
the Contractor holding exclusive
privilege licence the State
Government had taken into account
the cost of spirit, the cost of
transportation of such spirit, the
cost of maintenance of warehouses,
sales tax and dividend;
AND, WHEREAS, while fixing the
price of country liquor to be
supplied to the retailer, the
following components of cost were
included in the cost price:-
Rs.
Costofspirit 1.72
Transit/Working wastages 0.08
Warehouse maintenance charges 0.70
Transportation charges 0.45
Sales Tax .. 0.27
Dividend... 0.20
Total .. 3.42
AND, WHEREAS, in February 1990 the
Government had decided that country
spirit would be supplied at the
rate of Rs.3.42 per L.P. Litre
which include Rs.0.70 Per L.P.
Litre as maintenance charge of
warehouses;
AND, WHEREAS, the amount deposited
by the retailers as price of
country spirit was to be deposited
in Treasury through Bank draft and
thereafter the Distillers
(Suppliers) were to be paid the
amount after deduction of the
component of price meant for
maintenance of warehouse, that is
Rs.3.42-0.70 = 4 Rs.2.72;
AND, WHEREAS, in some cases by
mistake the entire amount of
Rs.3.42 was paid to the Distillers
(Suppliers);
AND, WHEREAS, some of the
Distillers (Suppliers) challenged
the authority of the State
regarding deduction of warehouse
maintenance charges from the cost
price fixed for supply of country
spirit to warehouses;
AND, WHEREAS, in C.W.J.C. no.
6863/90 and in other similar writ
petitions the Court held that in
the absence of Rules the State
Government is not authorised to fix
the price of country spirit and to
make deductions of maintenance of
warehouse charges therefrom;
AND, WHEREAS, it has become
necessary to levy and validate the
deduction/realisation of warehouse
maintenance charges from the cost
price of the country spirit fixed
by the State in the year 1990;
BE it enacted by the Legislature of
the State of Bihar in the forty
sixth year of the Republic of India
as follows.
Section 2 of the Amending Act added Section 22-A to the Excise Act. Section 22-B contains the validation clause while Section 22-C gives overriding effect to the Amending Act over any judgment, decree and order of the Court or any other law for the time being in force. The said Sections read as follows:
"22-A. The Fixation of cost price
of country liquor, by the State
Government.- (1) The State
Government, while granting
exclusive privilege of
manufacturing supplying wholesale
or of selling wholesale or retail
of country liquor may fix the cost
price which includes the price of
the spirit, the transportation
charges, warehouse maintenance
charges, taxes, if any, and other
charges, such as bottling, packing
etc. and dividend.
(2) Any person to whom the State
Government has granted exclusive
privilege of manufacturing,
supplying wholesale or selling
wholesale or retail country liquor
during the year 1990 wherein the
cost price of the country liquor
was fixed by the State Government
taking different components into
account including warehouse
maintenance charges at the rate of
70 paise per L.P. Litre shall be
deemed to have been fixed under
this Section.
22-B. Validating of cost price of
country liquor and realisation of
warehouse maintenance charges.- (1)
Notwithstanding any judgment,
decree or order of any court,
Tribunal or Authority the price of
country spirit, including the
warehouse maintenance charges at
the rate of 70 paise per L.P. Litre
fixed during the year 1990 shall be
deemed to have been fixed under
this Act and any amount collected
from the retailer as a cost price
of country liquor per L.P. Litre
shall be paid to or payable to the
Contractor (Distiller/Supplier)
after deducting at the rate of 70
paise per L.P. Litre as the
maintenance charges of the
warehouses and the said amount
shall not be payable and the said
amount shall not be payable to the
Contractor (Distiller/Supplier).
(2) The amount so collected shall
be deemed to have been collected
under the provision of this Act and
the said amount of warehouse
maintenance charges shall not be
refundable and no Court, Tribunal
or Authority shall order for refund
of such amount;
Provided that where the amount
collected from the retailer has
been paid to the Contractor
(Distiller)/Supplier, the State
Government shall realise such
amount form the Contractor shall be
required to refund the said amount
to the State Government;
Provided further, that the State
Government may adjust, the said
amounts from any amounts from any
amount due or payable to the
Contractor by the Government;
Provided also that the said amount
shall be spent by orders of the
Excise Commissioner under
administrative instructions issued
for the maintenance of warehouses;
Provided further also, that any
amount realised on account of
warehouse maintenance charges but
refunded to the supplier, under the
order of any Court, Tribunal or
Authority shall be refunded by the
Supplier and the State Government
shall recover the same from the
Contractor (Distiller)/Supplier as
arrears of revenue.
22-C. Overriding effect of the
Act.- Notwithstanding anything tot
he contrary contained in any
judgment, decree or order passed by
any Court and in any other law for
the time being in force, the
provisions of this Act shall have
the effect."
(emphasis supplied)
The portions underlined by us clearly bring about the scope and intendment of the Amending Act. To repeat, it is to vest the price fixation done by the Commissioner of Excise, under his letters dated 17th and 20th February, 1990 with the legislative authority; that fixation shall be deemed to have been done by the Legislature itself.
Another batch of writ petitions was filed by the distilleries challenging the validity of the Ordinance and the Amending Act. This batch of writ petitions have also been allowed by the Patna High Court under the judgment and order impugned herein. The basis upon which the High Court has allowed the writ petitions, without declaring the Amending Act as invalid, is better set out in their own words. The High Court said:
"12. It will be evident from
Section 22-A aforesaid that the
same relates to manufacture/sale of
‘country liquor’. So far as Section
22-B is concerned, therein the
words ‘country liquor’ have not
been mentioned, nor the words
‘rectified spirit’/Commercial
spirit’ has been mentioned, rather
the ‘country spirit’ has been
mentioned therein. When query was
made from the learned Advocate
General, as to what is ‘country
spirits’, learned Advocate General
submitted that the same is, in
fact, ‘country liquor’ and not
‘rectified spirit’ from which the
‘country liquor’ is prepared. It
was accepted at the Bar by the
learned Advocate General that the
Hindi version of the Act 9/95 is
the original one, wherein the words
‘DESHI SARAB’ has been mentioned,
which means ‘country liquor’ and
not the rectified spirit.
13. From the aforesaid plain
reading of the provisions of Act
9/95, particularly, the Hindi
version, it will be manifest and
clear that the Act in question has
been promulgated with respect to
the manufacturers/dealers of
‘country liquor’. No provision has
been laid down therein with respect
to manufactures of ‘rectified
spirit’/commercial spirit’, which
is the original raw material
manufactured by the petitioners and
supplied to the Respondents. No
rate has been fixed by the State
Government with respect to such
‘rectified spirit’ be the impugned
Act 9/95 and/or earlier ordinances.
Thereby, I hold that the impugned
Act 9/95 is not applicable to the
petitioners, who supplied
‘rectified spirit’ to the State in
their Warehouses.
It is for the said reason, the
question of declaring the impugned
Act as ultra vires does not arise,
in the present case, and for
similar reason, there is no
necessity of giving any specific
finding with respect to the first
three issues raised by the counsel
for the petitioners."
The High Court also made certain observations as to the quantity of the rectified spirit required for obtaining 1 L.P.L. of country liquor, the cost structure of the country liquor as well as to the absence of the power in the State to fix the price of rectified spirit.
Mr. S.B. Sanyal, the learned counsel for the State of Bihar assailed the judgment of the High Court on various grounds. He submitted that since the warehouses belong to and are maintained by the State Government, the State Government was fully justified in seeking to deduct 0.70 paise per L.P.L. on account of the maintenance of warehouses. Counsel submitted that the break-up of the cost price of the country liquor was agreed to between the two parties and that one of the components of the said cost price was the item of 0.70 paise per L.P.L. on account of maintenance charges of warehouses, which fixation has now been validated by the Amending Act removing the defect pointed out by the High Court in its first judgment. In this view of the matter, he submitted, the distilleries cannot legitimately resist the deduction of 0.70 paise. Counsel submitted that the High Court has not really appreciated the true nature and character of the price fixation done by the Commissioner of Excise and the amending Act and has allowed the writ petitions adopting a highly technical approach and on a totally erroneous basis. Mr. Y.V. Giri, learned counsel for the respondents distilleries, however, supported the reasoning and conclusion of the High Court. He submitted that the distilleries have nothing to do with the supply of country liquor to the retailers. According to him, the distilleries manufacture only the rectified spirit and that alone is sold by them to the Government. Counsel submitted that for obtaining one litre of country liquor, 1/4th litre of rectified spirit is required and that the price of Rs.3.42 paise per L.P.L. represents the cost of said quantity of rectified spirit required for obtaining 1 litre of country spirit and that, therefore, the claim for deduction of 0.70 paise on account of maintenance charges is wholly untenable and illegal. Counsel submitted that the distilleries have nothing with the warehouses or their maintenance which was the responsibility of the Government during the relevant period. The cost of 1 litre of rectified spirit, he submitted, is much more than Rs.4.00 and, therefore, the distilleries cannot be asked to supply country liquor at the rate of Rs.2.72 per L.P.L. (i.e., Rs.3.42 minus 70 paise). The learned counsel submitted that there was no agreement between the distilleries and the Government with respect to the price of country liquor at the joint meeting held by 15.12.89 and that the distilleries were unaware of the Commissioner’s letter dated 19.2.1990 as well as the Commissioner’s communication dated 20th February, 1990 referred to above.
We have already set out the substance of the minutes of the meeting held on 15.12.89, the letter dated 19.2.90 (which was issued on the basis of the discussions held at the said meeting) as well as to the letter of the Commissioner dated 20.2.90. The minutes of the meeting dated 15th, December, 1989 speak of fixation of the cost price of country liquor. The letter dated 19th February, 1990 speaks of "cost price of rectified spirit to be supplied as country spirit/liquor from the country spirit warehouses" while the letter dated 20th February, 1990 speaks of "cost price of country liquor supplied from the warehouses." This mix up of the expressions of "rectified spirit to be supplied as country spirit/liquor" and "country liquor" in the said proceedings/letters may perhaps be for the reason that all that it takes to convert the rectified spirit into country spirit, it is said, is adding of water to rectified spirit. May be or may not be. That is not material for our purposes. What is material is that the price of Rs.3.42 per L.P.L. said to have been agreed upon at the meeting held on 15th December, 1989, and referred to in the said letters and which cost price has now been legislatively validated, all give the break-up of the said price which includes the figure of 70 paise per L.P.L. on account of "warehouse maintenance charges". Now, it is admitted - indeed, it is the positive case of Mr. Y.V. Giri - that the distilleries have nothing to do with maintenance of warehouses and that they were being maintained by the Government itself during the said period. The preamble to the Amending Act and the amended provisions expressly speak of the said cost price and its break-up. The Amending Act further provides expressly for deduction of the said 70 paise per L.P.L. component for being credited to the government’s account. In the fact of all these facts, it is difficult to understand on what basis can the distilleries say that the said component of 70 paise should not be deducted. The Amending Act is not taking away anything from the distilleries; it is merely affirming and validating the acts and orders already issued in view of, and with a view to remove, the defect pointed out by the High Court in its first judgment. It cannot be disputed, at this stage, by the distilleries that they were not parties to the meeting held on 15th December, 1989 or that they did not receive the letter of the Commissioner dated 19th February, 1990. If this were so, it is un-understandable on what basis and at whose request or order, they were supplying the spirit to the distilleries. It cannot but be held in the circumstances that the distilleries accepted the offer contained in the Commissioner’s letter dated 19th February, 1990 and were making supplies on the basis of the said letter and the orders placed pursuant to that letter and their acceptance of it.
Now coming to the reasoning in the impugned judgment, we must say with all respect that we have not been able to appreciate it. The approach of the Court, while examining the challenge to the constitutionality of an enactment, is to start with the presumption of constitutionality. The Court should try to sustain its validity to the extent possible. It should strike down the enactment only when it is not possible to sustain it. The Court should not approach the enactment with a view to pick holes or to search for defects of drafting, much less inexactitude of language employed. Indeed, any such defects of drafting should be ironed out as part of the attempt to sustain the validity/constitutionality of the enactment. After all, an Act made by the Legislature represents the will of the people and that cannot be lightly interfered with. The unconstitutionality must be plainly and clearly established before an enactment is declared as void. The same approach holds good while ascertaining the intent and purpose of an enactment or its scope and application. Now, the result of the impugned Judgment is that the Amending Act has become an exercise in futility - a purposeless piece of Legislation. And this result has been arrived at by pointing out some drafting errors and some imperfection in the language employed. If only the High Court had looked into the minutes of the meeting dated 15th December, 1989 and the two letters of the Commissioner aforementioned, it would have become clear that the Amending Act was doing no more than repeating contents of the said letters and placing the legislative imprimatur on them. As the impugned judgment itself suggests, part of the imperfection of language is perhaps attributable to translation from Hindi to English. Indeed, it is surprising that the Court has not even referred to the long preamble to the Act which clearly sets out the context and purpose of the said enactment. It was put in at such length only with a view to aid the interpretation of its provisions. It was not done without a purpose. To call the entire exercise a mere waste is, to say the least, most unwarranted besides being uncharitable. The Court must recognize the fundamental nature and importance of legislative process and accord due regard and deference to it, just as the Legislature and the Executive are expected to show due regard and deference to the Judiciary. It cannot also be forgotten that our constitution recognizes and gives effect to the concept of equality between the three wings of the State and the concept of ‘checks and balances’ inherent in such scheme.
Though the above propositions are well settled, it may not be out of place to refer to a few decisions. In Charanjit Lal Chowdhary v. Union of India [A.I.R. 1951 S.C. 41], Fazal Ali, J. stated: "......it is the accepted doctrine of the American Courts, which I consider to be well-founded on principle, that the presumption is always in favour of the constitutionality of an enactment, and the burden is upon him who attacks it to show that there has been a clear transgression of the constitutional principles". In Burrakur Coal Company v. Union of India (A.I.R. 1961 S.C. 654 AT 963], Mudholkar, J., speaking for the Constitution Bench, observed: "Where the validity of a law made by a competent legislature is challenged in a court of law, that Court is bound to presume in favour of its validity. Further, while considering the validity of the law the court will not consider itself restricted to the pleadings of the State and would be free to satisfy itself whether under any provision of the Constitution the law can be sustained."
We may quote the pertinent propositions enunciated in Ram Krishna Dalmia, Etc. v. Justice S.R. Tendolkar & Others Etc. [A.I.R. 1958 S.C. 538] to the following effect:
"(b) that there is always a
presumption in favour of the
constitutionality of an enactment
and the burden is upon him who
attacks it to show that there has
been a clear transgression of the
constitutional principles;
(e) that in order to sustain the
presumption of constitutionality
the Court may take into
consideration matters of common
knowledge, matters of common
report, the history of the times
and may assume every state of facts
which can be conceived existing at
the time of legislation; and.."
We may also refer to the following perceptive observations in the decision of Lord Denning is Seaford Court Estates Ltd. v. Asher [1949 (2) K.B. 481]:
"Whenever a statute comes up for
consideration it must be remembered
that it is not within human power
to foresee the manifold sets of
facts which may arise, and, even if
it were, it is not possible to
provide for them in terms free from
all ambiguity. The English language
is not an instrument of
mathematical precision. Our
literature would be much the poorer
if it were. This is where the
draftsmen of Acts of Parliament
have often been unfairly
criticized. A judge, believing
himself to be fettered by the
supposed rule that he must look to
the language and nothing else,
laments that the draftsman have not
provided for this or that, or have
been guilty of some or other
ambiguity. It would certainly save
the judges trouble if Acts of
Parliament were drafted with divine
prescience and perfect clarity. In
the absence of it, when a defect
appears a judge cannot simply fold
his hands and blame the draftsman.
He must set to work on the
constructive task of finding the
intention of Parliament, and he
must do this not only from the
language of the statute, but also
from a consideration of the social
conditions which gave rise to it,
and of the mischief which it was
passed to remedy, and then he must
supplement the writter word so as
to give ‘force and life’ to the
intention of the legislature. That
was clearly laid down by the
resolution of the judges in
Heydon’s case, and it is the safest
guide today. Good practical advice
on the subject was given about the
same time by Plowden. . . . . . Put
into homely metaphor it is this: A
judge should ask himself the
question: If the makers of the Act
had themselves come across this
ruck in the texture of it, how
would they have straightened it
out? He must then do as they would
have done. A judge must not alter
the material of which it is woven,
but he can and should iron out the
creases."
The above observations have been quoted with approval by this Court in a number of decisions. We felt impelled to reproduce them only because of the kind of approach adopted by the High Court in the Judgment under appeal. it helps to remind ourselves of the above observations from time to time.
Now coming to the validity of the Amending Act we are unable to see on what ground can its validity impeached. All that it does is to provide statutory basis and legislative imprimatur to the price fixation done by the Commissioner and its break-up. It also provides for recovery and deduction of the 0.70 paise component on account of maintenance charges of warehouses. It can neither be suggested that the Bihar Legislature did not have the legislative competence to enact the said Amending Act nor can it be suggested that the Act violates any of the fundamental rights enshrined in para III. The general averment of Mr. Y.V. Giri that the Act is arbitrary is too vague to merit any acceptance, apart from the fact that an act of Legislature cannot be struck down merely saying it is arbitrary - See this Court’s Judgment in State of A.P. And Others v. Mcdowell & Company And Others [1996 (3) S.C.C. 709 at 737 to 739.] - apart from the fact that the charge does not appear to be justified in the facts and circumstances of the case.
For the above reasons, the appeals are allowed, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and it is declared that the Amending Act 9 of 1995 being Bihar Act of 9 of 1995 is neither unconstitutional nor is it ineffective to achieve the objective it set out to achieve - object set out in the Preamble.
The writ petitions filed by the respondents in the High Court are dismissed. No costs.